Guest Speaker Essay

When thinking of an attorney the majority does not give it much thought as to the different types and functionalities this profession takes. That is, until someone is in need of one, or facing one of these professional arguers. One group that find themselves facing an attorney are criminals who have had charges placed against them through the District Attorney’s Office. The District Attorney’s Office is the main prosecuting party in any criminal case whether it comes down to a plea bargain which covers about 95% of all cases or goes to a full court trial. District Attorney’s, otherwise known as D.A.’s, base much of their decisions by the amount of investigation and evidence that investigators supply them with. Scott Schweibish, who spoke in class, is the Deputy District Attorney for Sacramento County. Mr. Schweibish was a wealth of knowledge on correlating good investigation practices to how well an attorney can prosecute. D.A. Schweibish began his presentation by describing his workload which consists of prosecuting general felonies. These felonies range from drugs, DUI, home invasion, attempted murders, etc. Before becoming a D.A. for Sacramento County he worked for Orange County as a District Attorney. The D.A. has spent his entire career working closely with different law enforcement agencies, as well as numerous police officers. He has worked with special investigation projects, federal agencies, special task forces involved with narcotics, white collar crime, and the U.S Attorney. Being an attorney where the main focus is to prosecute a criminal Mr. Schweibish stressed that it is crucial to receive an investigation report that is the most accurate down to the smallest detail. Any aspect of the investigation that is overlooked or mistakenly not written in the officers’ report can open a whole for the defenses side to prove the defendant is innocent or have the case dismissed all together. The defense attorney will scrutinize every detail of a report for accuracy and if they find anything  they can make a defense out of they will, as Scott said, â€Å"tear you up† when you testify. The defense will still question every detail on the report and ask why certain things were not done, but if the report is done correctly then the office will be able to defend his actions and investigation. He went on to state that when officers do a proper investigation and complete a thorough report then the defense will not have a leg to stand on and in most cases t he defendant will agree to a plea bargain and the case will be resolved without having to go to trial. Another point that was stressed was every case matters and that all investigations matter. Every time a crime is committed no matter how small or how in the bag it may seem the investigation is crucial. Mr. Schweibish stated that 95% of the time a good investigation matters. He described that as an investigator it is important to remain open minded, logical, and objective as a majority of the time what you think is the whole crime might be just one part of the crime. Deputy District Attorney Scott Schweibish who works for Sacramento County was a great asset to have speak for the class. He strongly enforced the importance of a thorough report and the consequences if you slack on details.

Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning has also found its way into the realms of entertainment. The most notable example of this is the 1962 novel A Clockwork Orange written by Anthony Burgess and it subsequent 1971 movie directed by the late Stanley Kubrick (Internet Movie Database. ) A Clockwork Orange details the activities of a young ultra-violet protagonist named Alex. Alex is â€Å"cured† of his evil tendencies via classical conditioning. He is forced to watch various films depicting ultra-violence (US) and the like , and his natural feeling of excitement or joy serves as the UR. The films are paired with a drug (CS) that makes Alex violently ill. In turn Alex eventually becomes violently ill (now the CR) when he begins to feel the excitement associated with violence. The people treating Alex also utilize galvanic skin response (GSR) to get the optimal results. GSR is used to measure arousal from a stimulus (Hawkins 1998. ) It uses small electrodes attached to the skin that measures minute changes in perspiration. The most well known use for GSR is in the lie detector test (Hawkins 1998. The book brings up certain moral aspects of classical conditioning when used to modify behavior (such as consumer behavior. ) Burgess makes his character out to be programmed, and unable to make choices on his own. It is generally believed that Burgess overstates the power of classical conditioning in the context complete behavior reform. In addition to entertainment, classical conditioning is also used as a marketing tool. Classical conditioning is generally used with low-in volvement products (Hawkins 1998. ) This is because classical conditioning is most effective when emotion is involved (Classical Conditioning. Advertising for low-involvement products usually attacks the consumer through affective means because nobody wants to think (cognitive) about purchasing low-involvement products. Advertising and sales promotion (event sponsorship) are the most common forms of classical conditioning in marketing. Classical conditioning is used in a plethora of advertisements. The idea behind it is a simple one. Make an ad (US) that elicits a positive response (UR) in the person exposed to the ad. The product or brand within the ad then becomes the CS. The goal of advertisers is to get the exposed person at the grocery store or what have you, to associate the positive feeling they had for the ad with the product. This makes the positive feeling now the CR. Event sponsorship is very similar to this. With event sponsorship the sponsor wants the person viewing the event (US) to project the positive feelings (UR) they get from the event with their product. The big advantage to event sponsorship is that the person being exposed has generally chosen to be exposed to the event. Therefore, the positive emotional feeling toward the event can be intense. This can also be a double-edged sword as well. This occurs when the emotion involved is extremely negative. An example of this is when it is a sporting event, and the exposed person’s favorite team loses. The product could then be associated with those feelings. One area extensively covered with regard to classical conditioning and consumer behavior is the effect of background music. Gerald Gorn can be considered the leader in this research due to his 1982 experiment involving background music and the color of pen chosen as a gift (Kellaris 1989. The experiment involved pairing one pen color with pleasant music, and pairing another pen color with unpleasant music. Several pen colors were tested and ranked on a scale of one to seven. Then two pen colors with similar positions were used in the experiment. The music was picked using a ranking scale as well, except instead of picking two pieces with similar positions, the two selections were on the opposite ends of the spectrum. T he subjects then were exposed to slides of the one color pen paired with pleasant music, and the other with unpleasant. When given a choice the more subjects chose the pen color associated with the pleasant music This study has a major impact because it showed that consumer behavior can be influenced rather easily. The Gorn experiments are not without controversy (mostly regarding the procedures used in the experiment), but the are still very widely accepted and referenced (Kellaris 1989. ) Another area looked at by marketers is how often to repeat the advertisement. This will be looked at in the next section. Low-involvement advertising needs extensive repetition in advertising (Hawkins 1998. This is mostly because people just are not actively searching for information on low-involvement products. This generally means that not a great deal of attention is paid to ads for low-involvement products. The problem with this is a certain amount of diminished return on the ad. The first time the ad is adequately comprehended it is generally as funny, emotional, etc. as it is going to get. From that point on its affect diminishes and the conditioning is not as strong. This encourages companies to advertise in campaigns. This way they don’t have to reinvent the wheel every time out, but they can still remain fresh with ongoing variations. Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning has also found its way into the realms of entertainment. The most notable example of this is the 1962 novel A Clockwork Orange written by Anthony Burgess and it subsequent 1971 movie directed by the late Stanley Kubrick (Internet Movie Database. ) A Clockwork Orange details the activities of a young ultra-violet protagonist named Alex. Alex is â€Å"cured† of his evil tendencies via classical conditioning. He is forced to watch various films depicting ultra-violence (US) and the like , and his natural feeling of excitement or joy serves as the UR. The films are paired with a drug (CS) that makes Alex violently ill. In turn Alex eventually becomes violently ill (now the CR) when he begins to feel the excitement associated with violence. The people treating Alex also utilize galvanic skin response (GSR) to get the optimal results. GSR is used to measure arousal from a stimulus (Hawkins 1998. ) It uses small electrodes attached to the skin that measures minute changes in perspiration. The most well known use for GSR is in the lie detector test (Hawkins 1998. The book brings up certain moral aspects of classical conditioning when used to modify behavior (such as consumer behavior. ) Burgess makes his character out to be programmed, and unable to make choices on his own. It is generally believed that Burgess overstates the power of classical conditioning in the context complete behavior reform. In addition to entertainment, classical conditioning is also used as a marketing tool. Classical conditioning is generally used with low-in volvement products (Hawkins 1998. ) This is because classical conditioning is most effective when emotion is involved (Classical Conditioning. Advertising for low-involvement products usually attacks the consumer through affective means because nobody wants to think (cognitive) about purchasing low-involvement products. Advertising and sales promotion (event sponsorship) are the most common forms of classical conditioning in marketing. Classical conditioning is used in a plethora of advertisements. The idea behind it is a simple one. Make an ad (US) that elicits a positive response (UR) in the person exposed to the ad. The product or brand within the ad then becomes the CS. The goal of advertisers is to get the exposed person at the grocery store or what have you, to associate the positive feeling they had for the ad with the product. This makes the positive feeling now the CR. Event sponsorship is very similar to this. With event sponsorship the sponsor wants the person viewing the event (US) to project the positive feelings (UR) they get from the event with their product. The big advantage to event sponsorship is that the person being exposed has generally chosen to be exposed to the event. Therefore, the positive emotional feeling toward the event can be intense. This can also be a double-edged sword as well. This occurs when the emotion involved is extremely negative. An example of this is when it is a sporting event, and the exposed person’s favorite team loses. The product could then be associated with those feelings. One area extensively covered with regard to classical conditioning and consumer behavior is the effect of background music. Gerald Gorn can be considered the leader in this research due to his 1982 experiment involving background music and the color of pen chosen as a gift (Kellaris 1989. The experiment involved pairing one pen color with pleasant music, and pairing another pen color with unpleasant music. Several pen colors were tested and ranked on a scale of one to seven. Then two pen colors with similar positions were used in the experiment. The music was picked using a ranking scale as well, except instead of picking two pieces with similar positions, the two selections were on the opposite ends of the spectrum. T he subjects then were exposed to slides of the one color pen paired with pleasant music, and the other with unpleasant. When given a choice the more subjects chose the pen color associated with the pleasant music This study has a major impact because it showed that consumer behavior can be influenced rather easily. The Gorn experiments are not without controversy (mostly regarding the procedures used in the experiment), but the are still very widely accepted and referenced (Kellaris 1989. ) Another area looked at by marketers is how often to repeat the advertisement. This will be looked at in the next section. Low-involvement advertising needs extensive repetition in advertising (Hawkins 1998. This is mostly because people just are not actively searching for information on low-involvement products. This generally means that not a great deal of attention is paid to ads for low-involvement products. The problem with this is a certain amount of diminished return on the ad. The first time the ad is adequately comprehended it is generally as funny, emotional, etc. as it is going to get. From that point on its affect diminishes and the conditioning is not as strong. This encourages companies to advertise in campaigns. This way they don’t have to reinvent the wheel every time out, but they can still remain fresh with ongoing variations.

A Brief Note On Criminology And Criminal Justice Essay

1. Scholars in criminology and criminal justice have suggested the following: â€Å"Any criminology worthy of its name should contain a comparative dimension. The contents of cultural meaning that are loaded into a subject are too variable for it to be otherwise.† Explain this statement. Use examples in the explanation. Criminology and criminal justice are multidimensional studies that require numerous perspectives in order to create well-rounded findings. Crime is largely intertwined with culture. In order to understand why crime and more specifically, why certain crimes occur in a region, one must understand the cultural dimensions at play. Additionally, one cannot analyze how crime should be dealt with applying only one culture’s model for criminal justice. Simply put, different countries have different criminal justice systems. It would be unconscious to analyze the methods of adjudicating crime without factoring in the widely diverse cultural and political dimensions associated with each region or country and their crime. No one single criminal justice system is entirely flawless. Therefore it is dangerous to approach criminal justice with an ethnocentric approach. ADD EXAMPLES. 2. To what extent can one rely on crime data from other nations? How can one evaluate this data in relation to the nature and prevalence of crime? The reliability and credibility of other nation’s crime data largely depend on the developmental status and the political stability of the state.Show MoreRelatedEssay about Decision Making by Criminals3039 Words   |  13 PagesDecision Making by Criminals The issue of whether decision making by criminals is a rational process is a heated topic of discussion when one asserts that crime is the role of choice. 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Exploratory Essay Topics Secrets That No One Else Knows About

Exploratory Essay Topics Secrets That No One Else Knows About The Secret to Exploratory Essay Topics Syntax is one of the most crucial things which you should be mindful of when you learn how to write correct English. Now the dissertation is made, the proper section may make a lot more sense as it's constructed. It is imperative to pick an extremely very good topic for your paper. Surrogate parenthood ought to be controlled by state. All exploratory papers should be correctly formatted. Though you might be skilled in dissertation writing, you won't always have the time to finish your dissertation before the deadline. Now you have all of the books and materials that are necessary to compose the essay. GCSE course work is a critical facet of students' lives. The 1st composition may be normal preferred novel essay. You will get unique texts, which will be finished in time. There are quite a lot of objects' in the data, which will want to get transformed to numeric values so as to be utilized in our regression. Let's say you have to purchase essay for college. After the theme is certainly well defined, the extra elements of the essay is easily created. The very first task a writer should begin with when writing a report is to collect the materials that are necessary to support the topic of the essay. Ahead of starting out, there are a couple points you need to be familiar with around writing an essay. 1 author could take care of a definite project at the same time till it genuinely is comprehensive. Human interest tales are a bit special case. To learn how to compose an article initially and foremost you must recognize the sort of article you're going to compose. For example, you can have and introduction section and mention your primary concept, background information and other info to introduce your topic. For instance, social media marketing is a popular subject it's feasible topic for discussion as well as information search. Our site features custom writing help and editing aid. Fast turnaround I have zero opportunity to compose my paper is what our clients complain about most. Exploratory essay a few ideas are hard later on by, but there's however a range that's fantastic of you might possibly pick from. There are a lot of ways to structure the paper, and everything is dependent on you. Your paper must be based on the outline you need to create when you do some research on the chosen topic. Some info you might need to have in your essay. Determine the kind of essay you're going to write. Clearly, essays play a significant role in the college application procedure, too. An exploratory essay differs from the other kinds of academic paper writing. New Step by Step Roadmap for Exploratory Essay Topics Have a look at our price calculator to determine what your perfect price for the paper is! Every book ought to have an online website and every writer has to have a mailing list. Little size short article should have an outstanding eyecatching topic. Each element of the guide has to get a distinctive function. Dissertation publishing may be two-way visitors. Firstly, it's advisable to brainstorm the topic. You may write almost any topic you desire. You might need to be complex, but always make sure you choose topic that you're well conversant with.

Evaluating The Effectiveness Of World Bank Programs During...

I. Introduction The success of development institutions such as the World Bank has been questioned for decades. This paper seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of World Bank programs in sub-Saharan Africa. The question to be answered is: Hurting or helping?: Is the Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative in sub-Saharan Africa effective or ineffective? This paper will evaluate the efficacy of the World Bank’s Highly Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) Initiative in Uganda, Senegal, and Ghana. Using secondary analysis, we examine two research studies conducted by the World Bank to draw conclusions about HIPC’s effectiveness. We expect to find that the World Bank program has been largely effective in sub-Saharan Africa. Established in 1944 at the†¦show more content†¦The World Bank’s initial aim was to help rebuild European countries destroyed by World War II. In the 1950s and 1960s, the focus shifted to large infrastructure projects such as dams and roads. In the 1970s, the Bank’s attention shifted to poverty eradication where efforts focused on urban development and food production. At this time the Bank began offering structural adjustment loans. In the 1980s, the Bank enlarged its focus to social development such as education and good governance. More recently, the Bank has seen many successes. In 2013, over 3,000 women in Ethiopia benefitted from a special line of credit for female entrepreneurs backed by the World Bank. In addition, a health sector support program in Cambodia financed 280 health centers, 12 non-communicable disease clinics, 15 maternity wards, and a pharmacy. The program led to health care coverage for three million people and a 27% increase in babies de livered by trained personnel. Lastly, the World Bank supported efforts in 2010 to deliver clean water to Beirut citizens. They funded a water infrastructure project that supplied water to over 350,000 low-income residents in the Southern Beirut suburbs. Despite its many successes over the years, development experts still question the effectiveness of the World Bank, which this paper will determine. II. Methods

Continuous Improvement for Value Management - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theContinuous Improvement for Value Management. Answer: Introduction The need to improve productivity and consequently profitability has prompted organizations to move from the traditional way of doing things where no much attention was given on anything, and things were taken to operate in the right direction as long as the company remained operational. However, with more information nowadays, details are being given to every action that the company engages in, this is for the reason that, everything done consumes money and resources which are never enough. And in the face of this limited resources, the need to use money sparingly has become apparent. Activities such as quality control, quality assurance, human resource management and value management have been adopted, more so by companies that want to remain a step ahead of their competitors (Ahmed, Loh and Zairi, 2009). Integration of such activities is meant to ensure that the work process is done in a sequential manner, devoid of acrimony and rancor, and in a way that ensures that the final prod uct or services are delivered in a secure and comfortable way, all to the benefit of the consumer. This paper will focus on continuous improvement in project management, activities involved, the benefits, challenges and other factors that relate to continuous improvement will be highlighted. Towards the end, conclusions will be made. Continuous improvement, also referred to as continual improvement is the process of practicing constant improvement in product production, service delivery or both. These activities are analyzed regarding efficiency, flexibility and effectiveness when it comes to satisfying consumers needs. This improvement can be achieved at once or incrementally over a given time frame. For effective implementation of a continuous improvement strategy, it is better to start with what is already available and already working within the organisation and improve on it. It is also imperative to note that, the process is not an easy one, persistence and perseverance must be there within the team tasked with this vital process, this owing to the fact that change is uncomfortable and people tend to resist it for fear of the unknown. Relationship Between Project Management and Continuous Improvement A project is an organized method through which specific goals and planned benefits are attained within a given target schedule of time and budget (Burke 2013). On the other hand, project management is defined as the process of initiating, executing and controlling the work of a team to make sure that it works towards the laid down objectives. The major challenge to any project management is the ability to harmonize project delivery within the constraints of time and resources (Schumacher, Mueller, and Keul 2011). Several factors are vital for project management to be successful among which continuous improvement is one. Continuous improvement ensures that in the phase of limited resources projects are delivered in a manner that is favorable to the organization and the clients, to the former in terms of investment costs, while to the latter in terms of quality of goods and services (Cleland and Ireland 2006). Tips for Continuous Improvement A change in behavior in a workforce does not come. Naturally, it must be cultivated. And in the same way, continuous improvement practices will not eventuate from a vacuum; they must be facilitated by those in authority constantly to ensure that workers embrace them fully. A good point to start from is making the workers realize that things can improve to the better both to them personally and the organization if continuous improvement is adopted. This can be achieved by educating them, to illustrate, by holding frequent seminars. Moreover, the establishment of an enduring culture is another practical tip for continuous improvement, it calls for relentless focus and commitment among the workers to getting things right, this is vital due to the fact that in the process of doing so, workers will at times be called to work outside their comfort zones. In addition, those in authority should promote a centric thinking culture among the workers; it need not be a complex process, it can be as easy as a slight thoughtful examination of areas within the organization that require improvement. A centric thinking culture is part of the worldwide known strategy of eliminating faults and repetitive errors among the workers. Moreover, parameters to measure continuous improvement should be instituted; this is owing to the fact that, it is impossible to improve that which is not measured. Over and above that, effective communication should be fostered to ensure that, all stakeholders, share and exchange information constantly and in a timely manner to maintain a collaborative relationship. These tips are vital and should be treated with utmost priority if continuous improvement, when used as a part of the wider project management scheme, is to be successful. Continuous Improvement Strategies The first strategy is the commonly known, plan, do, check and act model abbreviated as (PDCA) (Kartikowati 2013). Planning involves identifying an activity within the organisation that needs to be enhanced or an activity that can benefit from continuous improvement, for instance, it could be an improvement of a product to attract more sales or enhancement of service delivery. In conjunction with this, objectives necessitating the change are set. After that, the changes are implemented therefore bringing to an end the second part of the model. The third stage is that of checking and involves an assessment of whether the change is working or not, it is achieved through data analysis, and an examination of results derived from the change implemented to see whether the company is reaping any benefits or not. The final stage involves acting, if positive results are noticed, the change is applied on a large scale and continuous checks made to ensure that the benefits are enjoyed on a large scale. If no positive benefits are realized the change is disregarded, and the company goes back to the drawing board. Some situations where this model can be utilized include, when starting a new improvement model within the organization or when executing change. Another model that can be employed is the six sigma model. Six Sigma is a measure of quality within an organisation and aims to achieve perfection. It is defined as a data-driven approach method of eliminating defects and any deviations from the optimum level that can be attained apropos to the organisation standards. The six sigma model encompasses the following processes one, defining the basis of the problem which is more often than not the reason why the company is not achieving its laid down goals (Bendell 2006). Two, measuring the extent of the deviations, third analyzing what can be done, fourth, improvement, which is usually done after an analysis has been done and the necessary steps have been highlighted. And then finally, controlling to ensure that whatever that is being done is done within the limits of the organizations, standards, which could be, legal, financial or moral (Roesser 2007). Total quality management is the most widely used method of quality management. Though it started in the manufacturing sector, it can be utilized to fit any business setting. It generally focuses on the customers feedback in enacting a change. All members of an organisation participate in the process of bringing amendments in terms of service delivery or product production to suit the customer needs (Dale 2015). The principle behind this method is that, as long as the customer needs are not entirely satisfied, there still exists room for continuous improvement. It has the following characteristics; first, it is fully focused on the client, two, it involves all employees, three, it is process centered as a number of steps must be undertaken. Three, communication is its basic ingredient without which it is rendered useless and finally, decisions are made on a factual basis that is void of bias. Advantages of Continuous Improvement Continuous improvement introduces benefits to the organisation in a domino fashion, in that, one benefit introduces another benefit, advantages that come with continuous improvement are described below. One, improved quality, this goes a long way towards ensuring that the company benefits in making more sells, attracting and retaining customers (Ritzn, Beskow and Norell Bergendahl 2009). This is owing to the fact that customers desire value for their money and will therefore only spend on those activities that ensure value. It is a common trend for people to abandon a business that is providing sub-standards goods and services to another company. And because every organisation longs to maintain and attract more customers, continuous improvement should be integrated into a daily operation. The continuous improvement provides organizations with an opportunity to improve their services and products more so where quality management is adopted, and changes are implemented on the basis of customers needs (Rostow 2009). Improved employees satisfaction, continuous improvement ensures that wrongs are not repeated as changes are implemented every other time (Lebas 2015). Conflicts between the management and the employees are therefore reduced; this creates a workforce that is jovial and one full of morale. Happiness in the place of work increases creativity, and workers come up with new ways of doings, it improves service delivery in the place of work as the relationship between the workers and customers is improved to the positive. Over and above that, happy employees have been found to be productive and tend to stay in the organisation for a long time since they already have the job satisfaction they so long for. Lowered cost, with continuous improvement, a project manager is able to know of activities that bring wastage and improve on them continuously. In addition, the time required for each activity is identified, and when the same activity is to be undertaken later, he will be having an effective plan beforehand that will come in handy towards helping him to deal with the problem. In conjunction with this is the reduction in time and cost overruns a common problem in project management and delivery can be overcome (Savolainen 2009). Challenges of Continuous Improvement The following are the problems that are commonly encountered when carrying out continuous improvement. One, difficulties of fostering a collaborative team culture, the fact the whole team undertaking a given project needs to work together for success to be cited means that collaboration cannot be underestimated. It is, however, imperative to note that some teams or groups of people will at times fail to develop chemistry meaning that they will not be able to work together, in such situations, efforts of the company in bringing about continuous improvement are thwarted (Grol and Wensing 2004). Two, lack of a continuous improvement model. An organisation that lacks such a model will at the end fail to reap benefits of continuous improvement; this is for the reason that workers and more so if new people are integrated into the company. They will not be able to work in regards to the companys policies for they will lack a guiding framework to direct them (Drucker 2009). In conjunction with this, is the lack of ability to prioritize on activities which require necessary improvement. Such an action requires a man who is well intelligent to identify those activities that are consuming more resources and prioritize on them. Finally the lack of resources, money must be invested for continuous improvement to be successful. Activities such as training and testing of samples need to be performed; they consume money and time which the organisation must be willing to spend on. To illustrate, in a construction site, the project manager will, for instance, have to allow his men to make concrete for tests only. Such concrete will consume money and will not be used in the construction process (Neville 2005). To conclude, continuous improvement has emerged as a critical component of any organisation that wants to grow and realise more benefits. However, this does not come for free as those in authority are supposed to support all endeavors required for it to work. Over and above that, continuous improvement and effective project management have been found to be Siamese twins; it is almost impossible to talk of one and leave the other out. Finally, although continuous improvement in project management is very important, it has a number of shortcomings as stated earlier. References Ahmed, P.K., Loh, A.Y. and Zairi, M., 2009. Cultures for continuous improvement and learning.Total Quality Management,10(4-5), pp.426-434. Burke, R., 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Bendell, T., 2006. A review and comparison of six sigma and the lean organizations.The TQM magazine,18(3), pp.255-262. Cleland, D.L. and Ireland, L.R., 2006.Project management. McGraw-Hill Professional. Duncan, William R. "A guide to the project management body of knowledge." (2006). Drucker, P.F., 2009. Knowledge-worker productivity: The biggest challenge.California management review,41(2), pp.79-94. Dale, B., 2015.Total quality management. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Grol, R. and Wensing, M., 2004. What drives change? Barriers to and incentives for achieving Evidence-based practice.Medical Journal of Australia,180(6), p.S57. Gospodarowicz, M.K., Miller, D., Groome, P.A., Greene, F.L., Logan, P.A. and Sobin, L.H., 2004. The process for continuous improvement of the TNM classification.Cancer,100(1), pp.1-5. Kerzner, Harold.Strategic planning for project management using a project management maturity model. John Wiley Sons, 2002. Kartikowati, R.S., 2013. The technique of" plan do check and act" to improve trainee teachers' skills.Asian Social Science,9(12), p.268. Lebas, M.J., 2015. Performance measurement and performance management.International journal of production economics,41(1-3), pp.23-35. Neville, A.M., 2005.Properties of concrete. Pettigrew, A.M., Woodman, R.W. and Cameron, K.S., 2001. Studying organizational change and development: Challenges for future research.Academy of management journal,44(4), pp.697-713. Roesser, K., 2007. Decreasing the risk of chemotherapy errors through a failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) and a focus PDCA (plan, do, check, act) quality improvement model. Rostow, W.W., 2009. The stages of economic growth.The Economic History Review,12(1), pp.1-16. Ritzn, S., Beskow, C. and Norell Bergendahl, M., 2009. Continuous Improvement of the Product Development Process. InProceedings of ICED 99, Munich, Germany, 1999. Schumacher, Y.O., Mueller, P. and Keul, J., 2011. Development of peak performance in track cycling.Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness,41(2), p.139. Savolainen, T.I., 2009. Cycles of continuous improvement: realizing competitive advantages through quality.International Journal of Operations Production Management,19(11), pp.1203-1222. Shanks, G., 2000. A model of ERP project implementation.Journal of information Technology,15(4), pp.289-303.

The Search For Immortality In Whitmans On The Beach At Night And Steve

The Search For Immortality In Whitman's On The Beach At Night And Stevens' Sunday Morning The search for immortality is not an uncommon one in literature. Many authors and poets find contentment within the ideals of faith and divinity; others, such as Whitman and Stevens, achieve satisfaction with the concept of the immortality of mortality. This understanding of the cycle of death and rebirth dominates both Walt Whitmans On the Beach at Night and Wallace Stevens Sunday Morning and demonstrates the poets philosophies of worldly immortality. Both poets present readers with characters questioning the apparent transience of nature. Whitmans young girl weeps to see the black burial-clouds that lower victorious soon to devour all, (line 12) just as Stevens young woman is saddened when the birds are gone, and their warm fields/Return no more (lines 49-50). These characters, unable to grasp the entirely of the cycle of mortality, are dismayed by earthly loss they continually observe. Whitman and Stevens similarly structured On the Beach at Night and Sunday Morning, in that their narrators answer to their characters concerns by explaining, or at least hinting at, the beauty of the perpetual cycle of mortality. Something there is more immortal even than the stars,/(Many the burials, many the days and nights, passing away,) (lines 28-29) whispers Whitmans narrator. Death is the mother of beauty; hence from her,/Alone, shall come fulfillment to our dreams/And our desires, (lines 63-65) echoes Stevens. Through their suggestions of this death-rebirth cycle, Whitmans and Stevens narrators assuage their characters misgivings. Further, both poets utilize Jove/Jupiter as a metaphor for seeming immortality, and perhaps more familiar to the characters than the cycle of death and rebirth. While Whitman depends upon the planet named after the god to serve as the foundation for his analogy, Stevens utilizes Joves incarnation myth. Similar to the story of Christs birth, Joves ta le of birth, death and return to the heavens mirrors, in more familiar terms, the natural cycle of birth, death and rebirth. The poems similarities end, however, at the narrators confidence in the immortality of the cycle. While Stevens narrator confidently explicates the bounty of this repetition, Whitman only allows his narrator to subtly suggest its potential. He refers to the cycle only as something: Something that shall endure longer even than lustrous Jupiter (emphasis added; line 30). The narrator further whispers this intimation, as though its implications are too damning to be stated aloud. Yet, the reader is able to discern the subtext of these statements. As the narrator describes the passing of the days and nights, the certainty that the moon will shine again, the reader understands his celebration of the cyclical nature of time, of death and rebirth. Thus, the hope the narrator attempts to convey resonates within the readers ken. Where Whitman is hesitant, Stevens is bold. Stevens narrator does not hint, hedge or whisper; he proclaims. The narrator states unequivocally that Death is the mother of beauty (line 63), and expands the assertion by describing the many ways in which people have come to unknowingly depend upon the rebirth cycle, such as the ripening of fruit. Moreover, Stevens employs his discussion of the cycle as a direct refutation of traditional religious practices. He eschews his characters concerns about missing a Sunday morning church service with his dismissal of a religion based upon things that no longer exist: Whey should she give her bounty to the dead? What is divinity if it can come Only in silent shadows and in dreams? (lines 16-18) Stevens prefers the worship of nature and its eternal rotation of life and death to the worship of man. He is bold in this choice, whereas Whitman makes no reference to religion, and thus absolves himself of the controversy which Stevens addresses head on. Whitman does allude to a divinity, however, which Stevens discounts. Whitmans narrator, in his discussion of things immortal, alights upon Jupiter as a lord figure. Jupiter, the narrator assures the young weeping girl, will return once the clouds disperse. Yet, even Whitman takes note of the cycle of loss and gain as perhaps more immortal than Jupiter: Something that shall endure longer even than lustrous Jupiter (line 30). As such, Whitman tackles a point which Stevens avoids: Whitmans narrator sees even